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Luke 19-20

Jesus and Zacchaeus

19 Jesus[a] entered Jericho and was passing through it. 2 Now[b] a man named Zacchaeus was there; he was a chief tax collector[c] and was rich. 3 He[d] was trying to get a look at Jesus,[e] but being a short man he could not see over the crowd.[f] 4 So[g] he ran on ahead and climbed up into a sycamore tree[h] to see him, because Jesus[i] was going to pass that way. 5 And when Jesus came to that place, he looked up[j] and said to him, “Zacchaeus, come down quickly,[k] because I must[l] stay at your house today.”[m] 6 So he came down quickly[n] and welcomed Jesus[o] joyfully.[p] 7 And when the people[q] saw it, they all complained,[r] “He has gone in to be the guest of a man who is a sinner.”[s] 8 But Zacchaeus stopped and said to the Lord, “Look, Lord, half of my possessions I now give[t] to the poor, and if[u] I have cheated anyone of anything, I am paying back four times as much!” 9 Then[v] Jesus said to him, “Today salvation[w] has come to this household,[x] because he too is a son of Abraham![y] 10 For the Son of Man came[z] to seek and to save the lost.”

The Parable of the Ten Minas

11 While the people were listening to these things, Jesus[aa] proceeded to tell a parable, because he was near to Jerusalem, and because they thought[ab] that the kingdom of God[ac] was going to[ad] appear immediately. 12 Therefore he said, “A nobleman[ae] went to a distant country to receive[af] for himself a kingdom and then return.[ag] 13 And he summoned ten of his slaves,[ah] gave them ten minas,[ai] and said to them, ‘Do business with these until I come back.’ 14 But his citizens[aj] hated[ak] him and sent a delegation after him, saying, ‘We do not want this man[al] to be king[am] over us!’ 15 When[an] he returned after receiving the kingdom, he summoned[ao] these slaves to whom he had given the money. He wanted[ap] to know how much they had earned[aq] by trading. 16 So[ar] the first one came before him and said, ‘Sir,[as] your mina[at] has made ten minas more.’ 17 And the king[au] said to him, ‘Well done, good slave! Because you have been faithful[av] in a very small matter, you will have authority[aw] over ten cities.’ 18 Then[ax] the second one came and said, ‘Sir, your mina has made five minas.’ 19 So[ay] the king[az] said to him, ‘And you are to be over five cities.’ 20 Then another[ba] slave[bb] came and said, ‘Sir, here is[bc] your mina that I put away for safekeeping[bd] in a piece of cloth.[be] 21 For I was afraid of you, because you are a severe[bf] man. You withdraw[bg] what you did not deposit[bh] and reap what you did not sow.’ 22 The king[bi] said to him, ‘I will judge you by your own words,[bj] you wicked slave![bk] So you knew, did you, that I was a severe[bl] man, withdrawing what I didn’t deposit and reaping what I didn’t sow? 23 Why then didn’t you put[bm] my money in the bank,[bn] so that when I returned I could have collected it with interest?’ 24 And he said to his attendants,[bo] ‘Take the mina from him, and give it to the one who has ten.’[bp] 25 But[bq] they said to him, ‘Sir, he has ten minas already!’[br] 26 ‘I tell you that everyone who has will be given more,[bs] but from the one who does not have, even what he has will be taken away.[bt] 27 But as for these enemies of mine who did not want me to be their king,[bu] bring them here and slaughter[bv] them[bw] in front of me!’”

The Triumphal Entry

28 After Jesus[bx] had said this, he continued on ahead,[by] going up to Jerusalem.[bz] 29 Now[ca] when he approached Bethphage[cb] and Bethany, at the place called the Mount of Olives,[cc] he sent two of the disciples, 30 telling them,[cd] “Go to the village ahead of you.[ce] When[cf] you enter it, you will find a colt tied there that has never been ridden.[cg] Untie it and bring it here. 31 If anyone asks you, ‘Why are you untying it?’ just say, ‘The Lord needs[ch] it.’” 32 So those who were sent ahead found[ci] it exactly[cj] as he had told them. 33 As[ck] they were untying the colt, its owners asked them,[cl] “Why are you untying that colt?” 34 They replied, “The Lord needs it.” 35 Then[cm] they brought it to Jesus, threw their cloaks[cn] on the colt,[co] and had Jesus get on[cp] it. 36 As[cq] he rode along, they[cr] spread their cloaks on the road. 37 As he approached the road leading down from[cs] the Mount of Olives,[ct] the whole crowd of his[cu] disciples began to rejoice[cv] and praise[cw] God with a loud voice for all the mighty works[cx] they had seen:[cy] 38 “Blessed is the king[cz] who comes in the name of the Lord![da] Peace in heaven and glory in the highest!” 39 But[db] some of the Pharisees[dc] in the crowd said to him, “Teacher, rebuke your disciples.”[dd] 40 He answered,[de] “I tell you, if they[df] keep silent, the very stones[dg] will cry out!”

Jesus Weeps for Jerusalem under Judgment

41 Now[dh] when Jesus[di] approached[dj] and saw the city, he wept over it, 42 saying, “If you had only known on this day,[dk] even you, the things that make for peace![dl] But now they are hidden[dm] from your eyes. 43 For the days will come upon you when your enemies will build[dn] an embankment[do] against you and surround you and close in on you from every side. 44 They will demolish you[dp]—you and your children within your walls[dq]—and they will not leave within you one stone[dr] on top of another,[ds] because you did not recognize the time of your visitation from God.”[dt]

Cleansing the Temple

45 Then[du] Jesus[dv] entered the temple courts[dw] and began to drive out those who were selling things there,[dx] 46 saying to them, “It is written, ‘My house will be a house of prayer,’[dy] but you have turned it into a den[dz] of robbers!”[ea]

47 Jesus[eb] was teaching daily in the temple courts. The chief priests and the experts in the law[ec] and the prominent leaders among the people were seeking to assassinate[ed] him, 48 but[ee] they could not find a way to do it,[ef] for all the people hung on his words.[eg]

The Authority of Jesus

20 Now one[eh] day, as Jesus[ei] was teaching the people in the temple courts[ej] and proclaiming[ek] the gospel, the chief priests and the experts in the law[el] with the elders came up[em] 2 and said to him,[en] “Tell us: By what authority[eo] are you doing these things?[ep] Or who is it who gave you this authority?” 3 He answered them,[eq] “I will also ask you a question, and you tell me: 4 John’s baptism[er]—was it from heaven or from people?”[es] 5 So[et] they discussed it with one another, saying, “If we say, ‘From heaven,’ he will say, ‘Why did you not believe him?’ 6 But if we say, ‘From people,’ all the people will stone us, because they are convinced that John was a prophet.” 7 So[eu] they replied that they did not know[ev] where it came from. 8 Then[ew] Jesus said to them, “Neither will I tell you[ex] by whose authority[ey] I do these things.”

The Parable of the Tenants

9 Then[ez] he began to tell the people this parable: “A man[fa] planted a vineyard,[fb] leased it to tenant farmers,[fc] and went on a journey for a long time. 10 When harvest time came, he sent a slave[fd] to the tenants so that they would give[fe] him his portion of the crop.[ff] However, the tenants beat his slave[fg] and sent him away empty-handed. 11 So[fh] he sent another slave. They beat this one too, treated him outrageously, and sent him away empty-handed.[fi] 12 So[fj] he sent still a third. They even wounded this one, and threw him out. 13 Then[fk] the owner of the vineyard said, ‘What should I do? I will send my one dear son;[fl] perhaps they will respect him.’ 14 But when the tenants saw him, they said to one another, ‘This is the heir; let’s kill him so the inheritance will be ours!’ 15 So[fm] they threw him out of the vineyard and killed[fn] him. What then will the owner of the vineyard do to them? 16 He will come and destroy[fo] those tenants and give the vineyard to others.”[fp] When the people[fq] heard this, they said, “May this never happen!”[fr] 17 But Jesus[fs] looked straight at them and said, “Then what is the meaning of that which is written: ‘The stone the builders rejected has become the cornerstone’?[ft] 18 Everyone who falls on this stone will be broken to pieces,[fu] and the one on whom it falls will be crushed.”[fv] 19 Then[fw] the experts in the law[fx] and the chief priests wanted to arrest[fy] him that very hour, because they realized he had told this parable against them. But[fz] they were afraid of the people.

Paying Taxes to Caesar

20 Then[ga] they watched him carefully and sent spies who pretended to be sincere.[gb] They wanted to take advantage of what he might say[gc] so that they could deliver him up to the authority and jurisdiction[gd] of the governor. 21 Thus[ge] they asked him, “Teacher, we know that you speak and teach correctly,[gf] and show no partiality, but teach the way of God in accordance with the truth.[gg] 22 Is it right[gh] for us to pay the tribute tax[gi] to Caesar[gj] or not?” 23 But Jesus[gk] perceived their deceit[gl] and said to them, 24 “Show me a denarius.[gm] Whose image[gn] and inscription are on it?”[go] They said, “Caesar’s.” 25 So[gp] he said to them, “Then give to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s, and to God the things that are God’s.”[gq] 26 Thus[gr] they were unable in the presence of the people to trap[gs] him with his own words.[gt] And stunned[gu] by his answer, they fell silent.

Marriage and the Resurrection

27 Now some Sadducees[gv] (who contend that there is no resurrection)[gw] came to him. 28 They asked him,[gx] “Teacher, Moses wrote for us that if a man’s brother dies leaving a wife but no children, that man[gy] must marry[gz] the widow and father children[ha] for his brother.[hb] 29 Now there were seven brothers. The first one married a woman[hc] and died without children. 30 The second[hd] 31 and then the third married her, and in this same way all seven died, leaving no children. 32 Finally the woman died too. 33 In the resurrection, therefore, whose wife will the woman be?[he] For all seven had married her.”[hf]

34 So[hg] Jesus said to them, “The people of this age[hh] marry and are given in marriage. 35 But those who are regarded as worthy to share in[hi] that age and in the resurrection from the dead neither marry nor are given in marriage.[hj] 36 In fact, they can no longer die, because they are equal to angels[hk] and are sons of God, since they are[hl] sons[hm] of the resurrection. 37 But even Moses revealed that the dead are raised[hn] in the passage about the bush,[ho] where he calls the Lord the God of Abraham and the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob.[hp] 38 Now he is not God of the dead, but of the living,[hq] for all live before him.”[hr] 39 Then[hs] some of the experts in the law[ht] answered, “Teacher, you have spoken well!”[hu] 40 For they did not dare any longer to ask[hv] him anything.

The Messiah: David’s Son and Lord

41 But[hw] he said to them, “How is it that they say that the Christ[hx] is David’s son?[hy] 42 For David himself says in the book of Psalms,

‘The Lord said to my[hz] lord,
“Sit at my right hand,
43 until I make your enemies a footstool for your feet.”’[ia]

44 If David then calls him ‘Lord,’ how can he be his son?”[ib]

Jesus Warns the Disciples against Pride

45 As[ic] all the people were listening, Jesus[id] said to his disciples, 46 “Beware[ie] of the experts in the law.[if] They[ig] like walking around in long robes, and they love elaborate greetings[ih] in the marketplaces[ii] and the best seats[ij] in the synagogues[ik] and the places of honor at banquets. 47 They[il] devour[im] widows’ property,[in] and as a show make long prayers. They will receive a more severe punishment.”

Footnotes

  1. Luke 19:1 tn Grk “And entering, he passed through”; the referent (Jesus) has been specified in the translation for clarity. Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
  2. Luke 19:2 tn Grk “And behold.” Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the introduction of a new character. The Greek word ἰδού (idou) at the beginning of this statement has not been translated because it has no exact English equivalent here, but adds interest and emphasis (BDAG 468 s.v. 1).
  3. Luke 19:2 sn This is the one place in the NT the office of chief tax collector is noted. If the term refers to a managerial rank, this individual would organize and oversee the other tax collectors and collect significant commissions (see also the note on the word tax collector in 3:12). It is possible, however, that in this context the term simply means “major tax collector” and is a comment on the individual’s importance or wealth rather than his rank (see D. L. Bock, Luke [BECNT] 1:1516).
  4. Luke 19:3 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
  5. Luke 19:3 tn Grk “He was trying to see who Jesus was.”
  6. Luke 19:3 tn Grk “and he was not able to because of the crowd, for he was short in stature.”
  7. Luke 19:4 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of Zacchaeus not being able to see over the crowd.
  8. Luke 19:4 sn A sycamore tree would have large branches near the ground like an oak tree and would be fairly easy to climb. These trees reach a height of some 50 ft (about 15 m).
  9. Luke 19:4 tn Grk “that one”; the referent (Jesus) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  10. Luke 19:5 tc Most mss (A [D] W [Ψ] ƒ13 33vid M latt) read “Jesus looking up, saw him and said.” The words “saw him and” are not in א B L T Θ ƒ1 579 1241 2542 co. Both the testimony for the omission and the natural tendency toward scribal expansion argue for the shorter reading here.
  11. Luke 19:5 tn Grk “hastening, come down.” σπεύσας (speusas) has been translated as a participle of manner.
  12. Luke 19:5 sn I must stay. Jesus revealed the necessity of his associating with people like Zacchaeus (5:31-32). This act of fellowship indicated acceptance.
  13. Luke 19:5 sn On today here and in v. 9, see the note on today in 2:11.
  14. Luke 19:6 tn Grk “hastening, he came down.” σπεύσας (speusas) has been translated as a participle of manner.
  15. Luke 19:6 tn Grk “him”; the referent (Jesus) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  16. Luke 19:6 tn The participle χαίρων (chairōn) has been taken as indicating manner.sn Zacchaeus responded joyfully. Luke likes to mention joy as a response to what God was doing (1:14; 2:10; 10:20; 13:17; 15:5, 32; 19:37; 24:41, 52).
  17. Luke 19:7 tn Grk “they”; the referent is unspecified but is probably the crowd in general, who would have no great love for a man like Zacchaeus who had enriched himself many times over at their expense.
  18. Luke 19:7 tn This term is used only twice in the NT, both times in Luke (here and 15:2) and has negative connotations both times (BDAG 227 s.v. διαγογγύζω). The participle λέγοντες (legontes) is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.
  19. Luke 19:7 sn Being the guest of a man who is a sinner was a common complaint about Jesus: Luke 5:31-32; 7:37-50; 15:1-2.
  20. Luke 19:8 sn Zacchaeus was a penitent man who resolved on the spot to act differently in the face of Jesus’ acceptance of him. In resolving to give half his possessions to the poor, Zacchaeus was not defending himself against the crowd’s charges and claiming to be righteous. Rather as a result of this meeting with Jesus, he was a changed individual. So Jesus could speak of salvation coming that day (v. 9) and of the lost being saved (v. 10).
  21. Luke 19:8 tn This is a first class condition in the Greek text. It virtually confesses fraud.
  22. Luke 19:9 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative
  23. Luke 19:9 sn This is one of the few uses of the specific term salvation in Luke (1:69, 71, 77), though the concept runs throughout the Gospel.
  24. Luke 19:9 sn The household is not a reference to the building, but to the people who lived within it (L&N 10.8).
  25. Luke 19:9 sn Zacchaeus was personally affirmed by Jesus as a descendant (son) of Abraham and a member of God’s family.
  26. Luke 19:10 sn The Son of Man came to seek and to save the lost is Jesus’ mission succinctly defined. See Luke 15:1-32.
  27. Luke 19:11 tn Grk “he”; the referent (Jesus) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  28. Luke 19:11 tn The present active infinitive δοκεῖν (dokein) has been translated as causal.
  29. Luke 19:11 sn Luke means here the appearance of the full kingdom of God in power with the Son of Man as judge as Luke 17:22-37 describes.
  30. Luke 19:11 tn Or perhaps, “the kingdom of God must appear immediately (see L&N 71.36).
  31. Luke 19:12 tn Grk “a man of noble birth” or “a man of noble status” (L&N 87.27).
  32. Luke 19:12 sn Note that the receiving of the kingdom takes place in the far country. This suggests that those in the far country recognize and acknowledge the king when his own citizens did not want him as king (v. 14; cf. John 1:11-12).
  33. Luke 19:12 sn The background to this story about the nobleman who went…to receive for himself a kingdom had some parallels in the area’s recent history: Archelaus was appointed ethnarch of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea in 4 b.c., but the people did not like him. Herod the Great also made a similar journey to Rome where he was crowned King of Judea in 40 b.c., although he was not able to claim his kingdom until 37 b.c.
  34. Luke 19:13 tn See the note on the word “slave” in 7:2.
  35. Luke 19:13 sn That is, one for each. A mina was a Greek monetary unit worth 100 denarii or about four months’ wages for an average worker based on a six-day work week.
  36. Luke 19:14 tn Or “subjects.” Technically these people were not his subjects yet, but would be upon his return. They were citizens of his country who opposed his appointment as their king; later the newly-appointed king will refer to them as his “enemies” (v. 27).
  37. Luke 19:14 tn The imperfect is intense in this context, suggesting an ongoing attitude.
  38. Luke 19:14 tn Grk “this one” (somewhat derogatory in this context).
  39. Luke 19:14 tn Or “to rule.”
  40. Luke 19:15 tn Grk “And it happened that when.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.
  41. Luke 19:15 tn Grk “he said for these slaves to be called to him.” The passive construction has been translated as an active one and simplified to “he summoned.”
  42. Luke 19:15 tn Grk “in order that he might know” (a continuation of the preceding sentence). Due to the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation by supplying the pronoun “he” as subject and the verb “wanted” to convey the idea of purpose.
  43. Luke 19:15 sn The Greek verb earned refers to profit from engaging in commerce and trade (L&N 57.195). This is an examination of stewardship.
  44. Luke 19:16 tn Here δέ (de) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the royal summons.
  45. Luke 19:16 tn Or “Lord”; or “Master.” (and so throughout this paragraph).
  46. Luke 19:16 tn See the note on the word “minas” in v. 13.
  47. Luke 19:17 tn Grk “he”; the referent (the nobleman of v. 12, now a king) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  48. Luke 19:17 tn See Luke 16:10.
  49. Luke 19:17 sn The faithful slave received expanded responsibility (authority over ten cities) as a result of his faithfulness; this in turn is an exhortation to faithfulness for the reader.
  50. Luke 19:18 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.
  51. Luke 19:19 tn Here δέ (de) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the second slave’s report.
  52. Luke 19:19 tn Grk “he”; the referent (the nobleman of v. 12, now a king) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  53. Luke 19:20 sn Though ten were given minas, the story stops to focus on the one who did nothing with the opportunity given to him. Here is the parable’s warning about the one who does not trust the master. This figure is called “another,” marking him out as different than the first two.
  54. Luke 19:20 tn The word “slave” is not in the Greek text, but has been supplied for stylistic reasons.
  55. Luke 19:20 tn Grk “behold.”
  56. Luke 19:20 tn Or “that I stored away.” L&N 85.53 defines ἀπόκειμαι (apokeimai) here as “to put something away for safekeeping—‘to store, to put away in a safe place.’”
  57. Luke 19:20 tn The piece of cloth, called a σουδάριον (soudarion), could have been a towel, napkin, handkerchief, or face cloth (L&N 6.159).
  58. Luke 19:21 tn Or “exacting,” “harsh,” “hard.”
  59. Luke 19:21 tn Grk “man, taking out.” The Greek word can refer to withdrawing money from a bank (L&N 57.218), and in this context of financial accountability that is the most probable meaning. Because of the length and complexity of the Greek sentence, a new sentence was started here in the translation by supplying the pronoun “you” as subject and translating the participle αἴρεις (aireis) as a finite verb.
  60. Luke 19:21 tn The Greek verb τίθημι (tithēmi) can be used of depositing money with a banker to earn interest (L&N 57.217). In effect the slave charges that the master takes what he has not earned.
  61. Luke 19:22 tn Grk “He”; the referent (the nobleman of v. 12, now a king) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  62. Luke 19:22 tn Grk “out of your own mouth” (an idiom).
  63. Luke 19:22 tn Note the contrast between this slave, described as “wicked,” and the slave in v. 17, described as “good.”
  64. Luke 19:22 tn Or “exacting,” “harsh,” “hard.”
  65. Luke 19:23 tn That is, “If you really feared me why did you not do a minimum to get what I asked for?”
  66. Luke 19:23 tn Grk “on the table”; the idiom refers to a place where money is kept or managed, or credit is established, thus “bank” (L&N 57.215).
  67. Luke 19:24 tn Grk “to those standing by,” but in this context involving an audience before the king to give an accounting, these would not be casual bystanders but courtiers or attendants.
  68. Luke 19:24 tn Grk “the ten minas.”
  69. Luke 19:25 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but” to indicate the contrast present in this context. Those watching the evaluation are shocked, as the one with the most gets even more. The word “already” is supplied at the end of the statement to indicate this surprise and shock.
  70. Luke 19:25 tc A few mss (D W 69 and a few versional witnesses) omit this verse either to harmonize it with Matt 25:28-29 or to keep the king’s speech seamless.
  71. Luke 19:26 tn Grk “to everyone who has, he will be given more.” sn Everyone who has will be given more. Again, faithfulness yields great reward (see Luke 8:18; also Matt 13:12; Mark 4:25).
  72. Luke 19:26 sn The one who has nothing has even what he seems to have taken away from him, ending up with no reward at all (see also Luke 8:18). The exact force of this is left ambiguous, but there is no comfort here for those who are pictured by the third slave as being totally unmoved by the master. Though not an outright enemy, there is no relationship to the master either. Three groups are represented in the parable: the faithful of various sorts (vv. 16, 18); the unfaithful who associate with Jesus but do not trust him (v. 21); and the enemies (v. 27).
  73. Luke 19:27 tn Grk “to rule over them.”
  74. Luke 19:27 tn This term, when used of people rather than animals, has some connotations of violence and mercilessness (L&N 20.72).
  75. Luke 19:27 sn Slaughter them. To reject the king is to face certain judgment from him.
  76. Luke 19:28 tn Grk “he”; the referent (Jesus) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  77. Luke 19:28 tn This could mean “before [his disciples],” but that is slightly more awkward, requiring an elided element (the disciples) to be supplied.
  78. Luke 19:28 sn This is yet another travel note on the journey to Jerusalem. See also Luke 18:31; 19:11. Jesus does not actually enter Jerusalem until 19:45.
  79. Luke 19:29 tn Grk “And it happened that when.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated. Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the transition to a new topic.
  80. Luke 19:29 sn The exact location of the village of Bethphage is not known. Most locate it on the southeast side of the Mount of Olives and northwest of Bethany, about 1.5 miles (3 km) east of Jerusalem.
  81. Luke 19:29 tn Grk “at the mountain called ‘of Olives.’” This form of reference is awkward in contemporary English, so the more familiar “Mount of Olives” has been used in the translation.sn “Mountain” in English generally denotes a higher elevation than it often does in reference to places in Palestine. The Mount of Olives is really a ridge running north to south about 1.8 mi (3 km) long, east of Jerusalem across the Kidron Valley. Its central elevation is about 100 ft (30 m) higher than Jerusalem. It was named for the large number of olive trees which grew on it.
  82. Luke 19:30 tn Grk “saying.”
  83. Luke 19:30 tn Grk “the village lying before [you]” (BDAG 530 s.v. κατέναντι 2.a).
  84. Luke 19:30 tn Grk “in which entering.” This is a continuation of the previous sentence in Greek, but because of the length and complexity of the construction a new sentence was started here in the translation.
  85. Luke 19:30 tn Grk “a colt tied there on which no one of men has ever sat.”
  86. Luke 19:31 sn The custom called angaria allowed the impressment of animals for service to a significant figure.
  87. Luke 19:32 tn Grk “sent ahead and went and found.”
  88. Luke 19:32 sn Exactly as he had told them. Nothing in Luke 19-23 catches Jesus by surprise. Often he directs the action.
  89. Luke 19:33 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
  90. Luke 19:33 tn Grk “said to them.”
  91. Luke 19:35 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.
  92. Luke 19:35 tn Grk “garments,” but this refers in context to their outer cloaks. The action is like 2 Kgs 9:13.
  93. Luke 19:35 sn See Zech 9:9.
  94. Luke 19:35 tn Although ἐπεβίβασαν (epebibasan) is frequently translated “set [Jesus] on it” or “put [Jesus] on it,” when used of a riding animal the verb can mean “to cause to mount” (L&N 15.98); thus here “had Jesus get on it.” The degree of assistance is not specified.
  95. Luke 19:36 tn Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
  96. Luke 19:36 tn The disciples initiated this action (since in 19:35 and 37 they are the subject) but the other gospels indicate the crowds also became involved. Thus it is difficult to specify the referent here as “the disciples” or “people.”
  97. Luke 19:37 tn Grk “the descent of”; this could refer to either the slope of the hillside itself or the path leading down from it (the second option has been adopted for the translation, see L&N 15.109).
  98. Luke 19:37 sn See the note on the name Mount of Olives in v. 29.
  99. Luke 19:37 tn Grk “the”; the Greek article has been translated here as a possessive pronoun (ExSyn 215).
  100. Luke 19:37 tn Here the participle χαίροντες (chairontes) has been translated as a finite verb in English; it could also be translated adverbially as a participle of manner: “began to praise God joyfully.”
  101. Luke 19:37 sn See 2:13, 20; Acts 2:47; 3:8-9.
  102. Luke 19:37 tn Or “works of power,” “miracles.” Jesus’ ministry of miracles is what has drawn attention. See Luke 7:22.
  103. Luke 19:37 tn Grk “they had seen, saying.” The participle λέγοντες (legontes) is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.
  104. Luke 19:38 sn Luke adds the title king to the citation from Ps 118:26 to make clear who was meant (see Luke 18:38). The psalm was used in looking for the deliverance of the end, thus leading to the Pharisees’ reaction.
  105. Luke 19:38 sn A quotation from Ps 118:26.
  106. Luke 19:39 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but” to indicate the contrast present in this context. Not all present are willing to join in the acclamation.
  107. Luke 19:39 sn See the note on Pharisees in 5:17.
  108. Luke 19:39 sn Teacher, rebuke your disciples. The Pharisees were complaining that the claims were too great.
  109. Luke 19:40 tn Grk “and answering, he said.” This has been simplified in the translation to “He answered.” Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
  110. Luke 19:40 tn Grk “these.”
  111. Luke 19:40 sn This statement amounts to a rebuke. The idiom of creation speaking means that even creation knows what is taking place, yet the Pharisees miss it. On this idiom, see Gen 4:10 and Hab 2:11.
  112. Luke 19:41 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the transition to a new topic.
  113. Luke 19:41 tn Grk “he.”
  114. Luke 19:41 sn When Jesus approached and saw the city. This is the last travel note in Luke’s account (the so-called Jerusalem journey), as Jesus approached and saw the city before entering it.
  115. Luke 19:42 sn On this day. They had missed the time of Messiah’s coming; see v. 44.
  116. Luke 19:42 tn Grk “the things toward peace.” This expression seems to mean “the things that would ‘lead to,’ ‘bring about,’ or ‘make for’ peace.”
  117. Luke 19:42 sn But now they are hidden from your eyes. This becomes an oracle of doom in the classic OT sense; see Luke 13:31-35; 11:49-51; Jer 9:2; 13:7; 14:7. They are now blind and under judgment (Jer 15:5; Ps 122:6).
  118. Luke 19:43 sn Jesus now predicted the events that would be fulfilled in the fall of Jerusalem in a.d. 70. The details of the siege have led some to see Luke writing this after Jerusalem’s fall, but the language of the verse is like God’s exilic judgment for covenant unfaithfulness (Hab 2:8; Jer 6:6, 14; 8:13-22; 9:1; Ezek 4:2; 26:8; Isa 29:1-4). Specific details are lacking and the procedures described (build an embankment against you) were standard Roman military tactics.
  119. Luke 19:43 sn An embankment refers to either wooden barricades or earthworks, or a combination of the two.
  120. Luke 19:44 tn Grk “They will raze you to the ground.” sn The singular pronoun you refers to the city of Jerusalem personified.
  121. Luke 19:44 tn Grk “your children within you.” The phrase “[your] walls” has been supplied in the translation to clarify that the city of Jerusalem, metaphorically pictured as an individual, is spoken of here.
  122. Luke 19:44 sn (Not) one stone on top of another is an idiom for total destruction.
  123. Luke 19:44 tn Grk “leave stone on stone.”
  124. Luke 19:44 tn Grk “the time of your visitation.” To clarify what this refers to, the words “from God” are supplied at the end of the verse, although they do not occur in the Greek text.sn You did not recognize the time of your visitation refers to the time God came to visit them. They had missed the Messiah; see Luke 1:68-79.
  125. Luke 19:45 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.
  126. Luke 19:45 tn Grk “he.”
  127. Luke 19:45 tn Grk “the temple” (also in v. 47).sn The merchants (those who were selling things there) would have been located in the Court of the Gentiles.
  128. Luke 19:45 sn Matthew (21:12-27), Mark (11:15-19) and Luke (here, 19:45-46) record this incident of the temple cleansing at the end of Jesus’ ministry. John (2:13-16) records a cleansing of the temple at the beginning of Jesus’ ministry. See the note on the word temple courts in John 2:14 for a discussion of the relationship of these accounts to one another.
  129. Luke 19:46 sn A quotation from Isa 56:7.
  130. Luke 19:46 tn Or “a hideout” (see L&N 1.57).
  131. Luke 19:46 sn A quotation from Jer 7:11. The meaning of Jesus’ statement about making the temple courts a den of robbers probably operates here at two levels. Not only were the religious leaders robbing the people financially, but because of this they had also robbed them spiritually by stealing from them the opportunity to come to know God genuinely. It is possible that these merchants had recently been moved to this location for convenience.
  132. Luke 19:47 tn Grk “And he”; the referent (Jesus) has been specified in the translation for clarity. Here καί (kai) has not been translated because of differences between Greek and English style.
  133. Luke 19:47 tn Grk “and the scribes.” See the note on the phrase “experts in the law” in 5:21.
  134. Luke 19:47 tn Grk “to destroy.”sn The action at the temple was the last straw. In their view, if Jesus could cause trouble in the holy place, then he must be stopped, so the leaders were seeking to assassinate him.
  135. Luke 19:48 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but” to indicate the contrast present in this context.
  136. Luke 19:48 tn Grk “they did not find the thing that they might do.”
  137. Luke 19:48 sn All the people hung on his words is an idiom for intent, eager listening. Jesus’ popularity and support made it unwise for the leadership to seize him.
  138. Luke 20:1 tn Grk “Now it happened that one.” The introductory phrase ἐγένετο (egeneto, “it happened that”), common in Luke (69 times) and Acts (54 times), is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated. Here καί (kai) has been translated as “now” to indicate the transition to a new topic.
  139. Luke 20:1 tn Grk “he”; the referent (Jesus) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  140. Luke 20:1 tn Grk “the temple.”
  141. Luke 20:1 tn Or “preaching.”
  142. Luke 20:1 tn Or “and the scribes.” See the note on the phrase “experts in the law” in 5:21.
  143. Luke 20:1 sn The chief priests and the experts in the law with the elders came up. The description is similar to Luke 19:47. The leaders are really watching Jesus at this point.
  144. Luke 20:2 tn Grk “and said, saying to him.” This is redundant in English and has been simplified in the translation.
  145. Luke 20:2 tn On this phrase, see BDAG 844 s.v. ποῖος 2.a.γ.
  146. Luke 20:2 sn The leadership is looking back to acts like the temple cleansing (19:45-48). How could a Galilean preacher do these things?
  147. Luke 20:3 tn Grk “answering, he said to them.” This is redundant in English and has been simplified in the translation.
  148. Luke 20:4 sn John, like Jesus, was not a part of the official rabbinic order. So the question “John’s baptism—was it from heaven or from men?” draws an analogy between John the Baptist and Jesus. See Luke 3:1-20; 7:24-27. The phrase John’s baptism refers to the baptism practiced by John.
  149. Luke 20:4 tn The plural Greek term ἀνθρώπων (anthrōpōn) is used here (and in v. 6) in a generic sense, referring to both men and women (cf. NAB, NRSV, “of human origin”; TEV, “from human beings”; NLT, “merely human”).sn The question is whether John’s ministry was of divine or human origin.
  150. Luke 20:5 tn Here δέ (de) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of Jesus’ question.
  151. Luke 20:7 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the dilemma Jesus’ opponents faced.
  152. Luke 20:7 sn Very few questions could have so completely revealed the wicked intentions of the religious leaders. Jesus’ question revealed the motivation of the religious leaders and exposed them for what they really were—hypocrites. They indicted themselves when they cited only two options and chose neither of them. The point of Luke 20:1-8 is that no matter what Jesus said in response to their question they were not going to believe it and would in the end use it against him.
  153. Luke 20:8 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.
  154. Luke 20:8 sn Neither will I tell you. Though Jesus gave no answer, the analogy he used to their own question makes his view clear. His authority came from heaven.
  155. Luke 20:8 tn On this phrase, see BDAG 844 s.v. ποῖος 2.a.γ. This is exactly the same phrase as in v. 2.
  156. Luke 20:9 tn Here δέ (de) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative. The parable Jesus tells here actually addresses the question put to him by the leaders.
  157. Luke 20:9 tc ‡ There are several variants here, most of which involve variations in word order that do not affect translation. However, the presence or absence of τις (tis) after ἄνθρωπος (anthrōpos), which would be translated “a certain man,” does affect translation. The witnesses that have τις include A W Θ ƒ13 1241 2542 al sy. Those that lack it include א B C D L Ψ ƒ1 33 M it. Externally, the evidence is significantly stronger for the omission. Internally, however, there is some pause. A feature unique to Luke-Acts in the NT is to use the construction ἄνθρωπος τις (cf. 10:30; 12:16; 14:2, 16; 15:11; 16:1; 19:12; Acts 9:33). However, scribes who were familiar with this idiom may have inserted it here. In light of the overwhelming external support for the omission of τις, the shorter reading is preferred. NA28 places τις in brackets, indicating some doubts as to its authenticity.
  158. Luke 20:9 sn The vineyard is a figure for Israel in the OT (Isa 5:1-7). The nation and its leaders are the tenants, so the vineyard here may well refer to the promise that resides within the nation. The imagery is like that in Rom 11:11-24.
  159. Luke 20:9 sn The leasing of land to tenant farmers was common in this period.
  160. Luke 20:10 sn This slave (along with the next two) represent the prophets God sent to the nation, who were mistreated and rejected.
  161. Luke 20:10 tc Instead of the future indicative δώσουσιν (dōsousin, “they will give”), most witnesses (C D W Θ Ψ ƒ1 M) have the aorist subjunctive δῶσιν (dōsin, “they might give”). The aorist subjunctive is expected following ἵνα (hina, “so that”), so it is almost surely a motivated reading. Further, early and excellent witnesses, as well as a few others (א A B ƒ13 33 579 1241 2542 al), have δώσουσιν. It is thus more likely that the future indicative is authentic. For a discussion of this construction, see BDF §369.2.
  162. Luke 20:10 tn Grk “from the fruit of the vineyard.”
  163. Luke 20:10 tn Grk “him”; the referent (the slave sent by the owner) has been specified in the translation for clarity.sn The image of the tenants beating up the owner’s slave pictures the nation’s rejection of the prophets and their message.
  164. Luke 20:11 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the tenants’ mistreatment of the first slave.
  165. Luke 20:11 sn The slaves being sent empty-handed suggests that the vineyard was not producing any fruit—and thus neither was the nation of Israel.
  166. Luke 20:12 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the tenants’ mistreatment of the first two slaves.
  167. Luke 20:13 tn Here δέ (de) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.
  168. Luke 20:13 tn Grk “my beloved son.” See comment at Luke 3:22. sn The owner’s decision to send his one dear son represents God sending Jesus.
  169. Luke 20:15 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate the implied result of the tenants’ decision to kill the son.
  170. Luke 20:15 sn Throwing the heir out of the vineyard pictures Jesus’ death outside of Jerusalem.
  171. Luke 20:16 sn The statement that the owner will come and destroy those tenants is a promise of judgment; see Luke 13:34-35; 19:41-44.
  172. Luke 20:16 sn The warning that the owner would give the vineyard to others suggests that the care of the promise and the nation’s hope would be passed to others. This eventually looks to Gentile inclusion; see Eph 2:11-22.
  173. Luke 20:16 tn Grk “they”; the referent (the people addressed in v. 9) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  174. Luke 20:16 sn May this never happen! Jesus’ audience got the point and did not want to consider a story where the nation would suffer judgment.
  175. Luke 20:17 tn Grk “he”; the referent (Jesus) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  176. Luke 20:17 tn Or “capstone,” “keystone.” Although these meanings are lexically possible, the imagery in Eph 2:20-22 and 1 Cor 3:11 indicates that the term κεφαλὴ γωνίας (kephalē gōnias) refers to a cornerstone, not a capstone.sn The stone the builders rejected has become the cornerstone. The use of Ps 118:22-23 and the “stone imagery” as a reference to Christ and his suffering and exaltation is common in the NT (see also Matt 21:42; Mark 12:10; Acts 4:11; 1 Pet 2:6-8; cf. also Eph 2:20). The irony in the use of Ps 118:22-23 here is that in the OT, Israel was the one rejected (or perhaps her king) by the Gentiles, but in the NT it is Jesus who is rejected by Israel.
  177. Luke 20:18 tn On this term, see BDAG 972 s.v. συνθλάω.
  178. Luke 20:18 tn Grk “on whomever it falls, it will crush him.”sn This proverb basically means that the stone crushes, without regard to whether it falls on someone or someone falls on it. On the stone as a messianic image, see Isa 28:16 and Dan 2:44-45.
  179. Luke 20:19 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.
  180. Luke 20:19 tn Or “The scribes” See the note on the phrase “experts in the law” in 5:21.
  181. Luke 20:19 tn Grk “tried to lay hands on him.”
  182. Luke 20:19 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “but” to indicate the contrast present in this context.
  183. Luke 20:20 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.
  184. Luke 20:20 tn Grk “righteous,” but in this context the point is their false sincerity.
  185. Luke 20:20 tn Grk “so that they might catch him in some word.”
  186. Luke 20:20 tn This word is often translated “authority” in other contexts, but here, in combination with ἀρχή (archē), it refers to the domain or sphere of the governor’s rule (L&N 37.36).
  187. Luke 20:21 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “thus” to indicate the implied result of the plans by the spies.
  188. Luke 20:21 tn Or “precisely”; Grk “rightly.” Jesus teaches exactly, the straight and narrow.
  189. Luke 20:21 sn Teach the way of God in accordance with the truth. Very few comments are as deceitful as this one; they did not really believe this at all. The question was specifically designed to trap Jesus.
  190. Luke 20:22 tn Or “lawful,” that is, in accordance with God’s divine law. On the syntax of ἔξεστιν (exestin) with an infinitive and accusative, see BDF §409.3.
  191. Luke 20:22 tn This was a “poll tax.” L&N 57.182 states this was “a payment made by the people of one nation to another, with the implication that this is a symbol of submission and dependence—‘tribute tax.’”
  192. Luke 20:22 tn Or “to the emperor” (“Caesar” is a title for the Roman emperor).
  193. Luke 20:23 tn Grk “he”; the referent (Jesus) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  194. Luke 20:23 tn Or “craftiness.” The term always has negative connotations in the NT (1 Cor 3:19; 2 Cor 4:2; 11:3; Eph 4:14).
  195. Luke 20:24 tn Here the specific name of the coin was retained in the translation, because not all coins in circulation in Palestine at the time carried the image of Caesar. In other places δηνάριον (dēnarion) has been translated simply as “silver coin” with an explanatory note.sn A denarius was a silver coin worth approximately one day’s wage for a laborer. The fact that the leaders had such a coin showed that they already operated in the economic world of Rome. The denarius would have had a picture of Tiberius Caesar, the Roman emperor, on it.
  196. Luke 20:24 tn Or “whose likeness.”sn In this passage Jesus points to the image (Grk εἰκών, eikōn) of Caesar on the coin. This same Greek word is used in Gen 1:26 (LXX) to state that humanity is made in the “image” of God. Jesus is making a subtle yet powerful contrast: Caesar’s image is on the denarius, so he can lay claim to money through taxation, but God’s image is on humanity, so he can lay claim to each individual life.
  197. Luke 20:24 tn Grk “whose likeness and inscription does it have?”
  198. Luke 20:25 tn Here δέ (de) has been translated as “so” to indicate that Jesus’ pronouncement results from the opponents’ answer to his question.
  199. Luke 20:25 sn Jesus’ answer to give to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s and to God the things that are God’s was a both/and, not the questioners’ either/or. So he slipped out of their trap.
  200. Luke 20:26 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “thus” to indicate the implied result of Jesus’ unexpected answer.
  201. Luke 20:26 tn On this term, see BDAG 374 s.v. ἐπιλαμβάνομαι 3.
  202. Luke 20:26 tn Grk “to trap him in a saying.”
  203. Luke 20:26 tn Or “amazed.”
  204. Luke 20:27 sn The Sadducees controlled the official political structures of Judaism at this time, being the majority members of the Sanhedrin. They were known as extremely strict on law and order issues (Josephus, J. W. 2.8.2 [2.119], 2.8.14 [2.164-166]; Ant. 13.5.9 [13.171-173], 13.10.6 [13.293-298], 18.1.2 [18.11], 18.1.4 [18.16-17], 20.9.1 [20.199]; Life 2 [10-11]). They also did not believe in resurrection or in angels, an important detail in v. 36. See also Matt 3:7; 16:1-12; 22:23-34; Mark 12:18-27; Acts 4:1; 5:17; 23:6-8.
  205. Luke 20:27 sn This remark is best regarded as a parenthetical note by the author.
  206. Luke 20:28 tn Grk “asked him, saying.” The participle λέγοντες (legontes) is redundant in contemporary English and has not been translated.
  207. Luke 20:28 tn Grk “his brother,” but this would be redundant in English with the same phrase “his brother” at the end of the verse, so most modern translations render this phrase “the man” (so NIV, NRSV).
  208. Luke 20:28 tn The use of ἵνα (hina) with imperatival force is unusual (BDF §470.1).
  209. Luke 20:28 tn Grk “and raise up seed,” an idiom for procreating children (L&N 23.59).
  210. Luke 20:28 sn A quotation from Deut 25:5. Because the OT quotation does not include “a wife” as the object of the verb, it has been left as normal type. This practice is called levirate marriage (see also Ruth 4:1-12; Mishnah, m. Yevamot; Josephus, Ant. 4.8.23 [4.254-256]). The levirate law is described in Deut 25:5-10. The brother of a man who died without a son had an obligation to marry his brother’s widow. This served several purposes: It provided for the widow in a society where a widow with no children to care for her would be reduced to begging, and it preserved the name of the deceased, who would be regarded as the legal father of the first son produced from that marriage.
  211. Luke 20:29 tn Grk “took a wife” (an idiom for marrying a woman).
  212. Luke 20:30 tc Most mss (A W Θ Ψ ƒ1,13 33 M lat) have the words, “took the wife and this one died childless” after “the second.” But this looks like a clarifying addition, assimilating the text to Mark 12:21. In light of the early and diverse witnesses that lack the expression (א B D L 0266 892 1241 co), the shorter reading should be considered authentic.
  213. Luke 20:33 sn The point is a dilemma. In a world arguing a person should have one spouse, whose wife will she be in the afterlife? The question was designed to show that (in the opinion of the Sadducees) resurrection leads to a major problem.
  214. Luke 20:33 tn Grk “For the seven had her as wife.”
  215. Luke 20:34 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “so” to indicate that Jesus’ response is a result of their framing of the question.
  216. Luke 20:34 tn Grk “sons of this age” (an idiom, see L&N 11.16). The following clause which refers to being “given in marriage” suggests both men and women are included in this phrase.
  217. Luke 20:35 tn Grk “to attain to.”
  218. Luke 20:35 sn Life in the age to come is different than life here (they neither marry nor are given in marriage). This means Jesus’ questioners had made a false assumption that life was the same both now and in the age to come.
  219. Luke 20:36 sn Angels do not die, nor do they eat according to Jewish tradition (1 En. 15:6; 51:4; Wis 5:5; 2 Bar. 51:10; 1QH 3.21-23).
  220. Luke 20:36 tn Grk “sons of God, being.” The participle ὄντες (ontes) has been translated as a causal adverbial participle here.
  221. Luke 20:36 tn Or “people.” The noun υἱός (huios) followed by the genitive of class or kind (“sons of…”) denotes a person of a class or kind, specified by the following genitive construction. This Semitic idiom is frequent in the NT (L&N 9.4).
  222. Luke 20:37 tn Grk “But that the dead are raised even Moses revealed.”
  223. Luke 20:37 sn See Exod 3:6. Jesus used a common form of rabbinic citation here to refer to the passage in question.
  224. Luke 20:37 sn A quotation from Exod 3:6.
  225. Luke 20:38 sn He is not God of the dead but of the living. Jesus’ point was that if God could identify himself as God of the three old patriarchs, then they must still be alive when God spoke to Moses; and so they must be raised.
  226. Luke 20:38 tn On this syntax, see BDF §192. The point is that all live “to” God or “before” God.
  227. Luke 20:39 tn Here δέ (de) has been translated as “then” to indicate the implied sequence of events within the narrative.
  228. Luke 20:39 tn Or “some of the scribes.” See the note on the phrase “experts in the law” in 5:21.
  229. Luke 20:39 sn Teacher, you have spoken well! The scribes, being Pharisees, were happy for the defense of resurrection and angels, which they (unlike the Sadducees) believed in.
  230. Luke 20:40 sn The attempt to show Jesus as ignorant had left the experts silenced. At this point they did not dare any longer to ask him anything.
  231. Luke 20:41 sn If the religious leaders will not dare to question Jesus any longer, then he will question them.
  232. Luke 20:41 tn Or “Messiah”; both “Christ” (Greek) and “Messiah” (Hebrew and Aramaic) mean “one who has been anointed.”sn See the note on Christ in 2:11.
  233. Luke 20:41 sn It was a common belief in Judaism that Messiah would be David’s son in that he would come from the lineage of David. On this point the Pharisees agreed and were correct. But their understanding was nonetheless incomplete, for Messiah is also David’s Lord. With this statement Jesus was affirming that, as the Messiah, he is both God and man.
  234. Luke 20:42 sn The Lord said to my lord. With David being the speaker, this indicates his respect for his descendant (referred to as my lord). Jesus was arguing, as the ancient exposition assumed, that the passage is about the Lord’s anointed. The passage looks at an enthronement of this figure and a declaration of honor for him as he takes his place at the side of God. In Jerusalem, the king’s palace was located to the right of the temple to indicate this kind of relationship. Jesus was pressing the language here to get his opponents to reflect on how great Messiah is.
  235. Luke 20:43 sn A quotation from Ps 110:1.
  236. Luke 20:44 tn Grk “David thus calls him ‘Lord.’ So how is he his son?” The conditional nuance, implicit in Greek, has been made explicit in the translation (cf. Matt 22:45).
  237. Luke 20:45 tn Here δέ (de) has not been translated.
  238. Luke 20:45 tn Grk “he”; the referent (Jesus) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
  239. Luke 20:46 tn Or “Be on guard against.” This is a present imperative and indicates that pride is something to constantly be on the watch against.
  240. Luke 20:46 tn Or “of the scribes.” See the note on the phrase “experts in the law” in 5:21.
  241. Luke 20:46 tn Grk “who,” continuing the sentence begun by the prior phrase.
  242. Luke 20:46 sn There is later Jewish material in the Talmud that spells out such greetings in detail. See D. L. Bock, Luke (BECNT), 2:1642; H. Windisch, TDNT 1:498.
  243. Luke 20:46 sn See the note on marketplace in Luke 7:32.
  244. Luke 20:46 sn See Luke 14:7-14.
  245. Luke 20:46 sn See the note on synagogues in 4:15.
  246. Luke 20:47 tn Grk “who,” continuing the sentence begun in v. 46.
  247. Luke 20:47 sn How they were able to devour widows’ houses is debated. Did they seek too much for contributions, or take too high a commission for their work, or take homes after debts failed to be paid? There is too little said here to be sure.
  248. Luke 20:47 tn Grk “houses,” “households”; however, the term can have the force of “property” or “possessions” as well (O. Michel, TDNT 5:131; BDAG 695 s.v. οἶκια 1.a).
New English Translation (NET)

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