Add parallel Print Page Options

20 Long ago you broke your yoke,(A)
    you tore off your bonds.
    You said, “I will not serve.”
On every high hill, under every green tree,
    you sprawled and served as a prostitute.[a]

Read full chapter

Footnotes

  1. 2:20 Served as a prostitute: idolatry (because Israel is the “bride” of God); cf. vv. 2–3.

Chapter 3

If a man divorces his wife(A)
    and she leaves him
    and then becomes the wife of another,
Can she return to the first?[a]
    Would not this land be wholly defiled?
But you have played the prostitute with many lovers,
    and yet you would return to me!—oracle of the Lord.
Raise your eyes to the heights, and look,
    where have men not lain with you?
Along the roadways you waited for them
    like an Arabian[b] in the wilderness.
You defiled the land
    by your wicked prostitution.(B)
Therefore the showers were withheld,
    the spring rain did not fall.
But because you have a prostitute’s brow,
    you refused to be ashamed.(C)
Even now do you not call me, “My father,
    you are the bridegroom of my youth?
Will he keep his wrath forever,
    will he hold his grudge to the end?”
This is what you say; yet you do
    all the evil you can.

Judah and Israel. The Lord said to me in the days of King Josiah: Do you see what rebellious Israel has done? She has gone up every high mountain, and under every green tree she has played the prostitute.(D) And I thought: After she has done all this, she will return to me. But she did not return. Then, even though that traitor her sister Judah, saw that, in response to all the adulteries rebel Israel had committed, I sent her away and gave her a bill of divorce, nevertheless Judah, the traitor, her sister, was not frightened; she too went off and played the prostitute.(E) With her casual prostitution, she polluted the land, committing adultery with stone and wood.(F) 10 In spite of all this, Judah, the traitor, her sister, did not return to me wholeheartedly, but insincerely—oracle of the Lord.

Restoration of Israel. 11 Then the Lord said to me: Rebel Israel is more just than traitor Judah.(G) 12 Go, proclaim these words toward the north, and say:

Return, rebel Israel—oracle of the Lord
    I will not remain angry with you;
For I am merciful, oracle of the Lord,
    I will not keep my anger forever.(H)
13 Only admit your guilt:
    how you have rebelled against the Lord, your God,
How you ran here and there to strangers
    under every green tree
    and would not listen to my voice—oracle of the Lord.(I)
14 Return, rebellious children—oracle of the Lord[c]
    for I am your master;
I will take you, one from a city, two from a clan,
    and bring you to Zion.(J)
15 I will appoint for you shepherds after my own heart,
    who will shepherd you wisely and prudently.(K)
16 When you increase in number and are fruitful in the land—
    oracle of the Lord
They will in those days no longer say,
    “The ark of the covenant of the Lord!”
They will no longer think of it, or remember it,
    or miss it, or make another one.

17 At that time they will call Jerusalem “the Lord’s throne.” All nations will gather together there to honor the name of the Lord at Jerusalem, and they will no longer stubbornly follow their wicked heart.(L) 18 In those days the house of Judah will walk alongside the house of Israel; together they will come from the land of the north to the land which I gave your ancestors as a heritage.(M)

Conditions for Forgiveness

19 I thought:
    How I would like to make you my children!
So I gave you a pleasant land,
    the most beautiful heritage among the nations!
You would call me, “My Father,” I thought,
    and you would never turn away from me.(N)
20 But like a woman faithless to her lover,
    thus have you been faithless to me,
    house of Israel—oracle of the Lord.(O)
21 A cry is heard on the heights!
    the plaintive weeping of Israel’s children,
Because they have perverted their way,
    they have forgotten the Lord, their God.
22 Return, rebellious children!
    I will heal your rebellions.
“Here we are! We belong to you,
    for you are the Lord, our God.(P)
23 Deceptive indeed are the hills,
    the mountains, clamorous;
Only in the Lord our God
    is Israel’s salvation.(Q)
24 The shameful thing[d] has devoured
    our ancestors’ worth from our youth,
Their sheep and cattle,
    their sons and daughters.
25 Let us lie down in our shame,
    let our disgrace cover us,
    for we have sinned against the Lord, our God,
We and our ancestors, from our youth to this day;
    we did not listen to the voice of the Lord, our God.”(R)

Footnotes

  1. 3:1 Can she return to the first?: i.e., her first husband. Here the Hebrew is emended in light of the Septuagint and Dt 24:1–4, which forbids a man to take back a woman once he has divorced her. The prophet uses this analogy to illustrate the presumption of Judah, the unfaithful wife, who assumes she can easily return to the Lord after worshiping other gods.
  2. 3:2 An Arabian: here depicted as a marauder lying in wait for caravans.
  3. 3:14–18 A remnant of Israel (v. 14) will reunite with Judah (v. 18). The former Israelite community, represented by the ark of the covenant, will be replaced by a universal alliance, symbolized by Jerusalem, the Lord’s throne, to which all nations will be gathered (v. 17).
  4. 3:24 The shameful thing: Heb. bosheth (“shame”), a term often substituted for the name of Baal, a Canaanite god worshiped at local shrines.

II. Israel’s Guilt, Punishment, and Restoration

Chapter 4

Indictment of Israel[a]

Hear the word of the Lord, Israelites,
    for the Lord has a dispute
    with the inhabitants of the land:(A)
There is no fidelity, no loyalty,
    no knowledge of God in the land.
Swearing, lying, murder,
    stealing and adultery break out;[b]
    bloodshed follows bloodshed.(B)

Read full chapter

Footnotes

  1. 4:1–3 The introduction to the oracles (chaps. 4–11) which begin with “Hear the word of the Lord” (4:1) and end with “oracle of the Lord” (11:11).
  2. 4:2 Similar to the decalogue (Ex 20:1–17; cf. Jer 7:9).

Like people, like priest:(A)
    I will punish them for their ways,
    and repay them for their deeds.
10 They will eat but not be satisfied,(B)
    they will promote prostitution[a] but not increase,
Because they have abandoned the Lord,
    devoting themselves
11     to prostitution.
Aged wine and new wine
    take away understanding.(C)
12 My people consult their piece of wood,[b]
    and their wand makes pronouncements for them,
For the spirit of prostitution has led them astray;
    they prostitute themselves, forsaking their God.
13 On the mountaintops they offer sacrifice
    and on the hills they burn incense,
Beneath oak and poplar and terebinth,
    because of their pleasant shade.[c]
Therefore your daughters prostitute themselves,
    and your daughters-in-law commit adultery.
14 I will not punish your daughters for their prostitution,
    nor your daughters-in-law for their adultery,
Because the men themselves consort with prostitutes,
    and with temple women[d] they offer sacrifice!
Thus a people without understanding comes to ruin.

15 Though you prostitute yourself, Israel,
    do not let Judah become guilty!
Do not come to Gilgal,[e]
    do not go up to Beth-aven,(D)
    do not swear, “As the Lord lives!”(E)
16 For like a stubborn cow,
    Israel is stubborn;
Will the Lord now pasture them,
    like lambs in a broad meadow?
17 Ephraim[f] is bound to idols,
    let him alone!
18 [g]When their drinking is over,
    they give themselves to prostitution;(F)
    they love shame more than their honor.
19 A wind[h] has bound them up in its wings;(G)
    they shall be ashamed because of their altars.(H)

Read full chapter

Footnotes

  1. 4:10–11 Prostitution: often a synonym for idolatry. The covenant bond was symbolized as the relationship between husband and wife (see chaps. 1–2). Thus, abandoning the Lord for a foreign god was called prostitution or adultery.
  2. 4:12 Piece of wood: a derogatory term for an idol. Wand: a sacred wooden object, perhaps some kind of staff, used for divination.
  3. 4:13 The shrines on the “high places” typically had an altar, a grove of trees, and a stone pillar representing a god (Dt 12:2; Jer 2:20).
  4. 4:14 Temple women: plural of Heb. qedesha; the exact import of the term is disputed. See notes on Gn 38:21 and Dt 23:18–19.
  5. 4:15 Gilgal: close to Jericho (Jos 4:19–20; 5:2–9). Beth-aven: (lit., “house of iniquity”) Hosea’s derogatory term for the sanctuary of Bethel (lit., “house of God”), the major shrine of the Northern Kingdom (10:5, 8; cf. Am 5:5). As the Lord lives: a legitimate oath formula (1 Sm 26:10, 16), but unacceptable here because Israel is guilty of religious syncretism and the idolatrous worship of other gods.
  6. 4:17 Ephraim: the name of one of the sons of Joseph, son of Jacob (Gn 41:52), also used to designate one of the tribes living in the heartland of the Northern Kingdom. Hosea often uses the name Ephraim to refer to the whole Northern Kingdom of Israel. During the latter part of his ministry, after the Assyrians occupied Galilee, Ephraim was all that remained of Israel.
  7. 4:18 Cf. v. 11.
  8. 4:19 A wind: (Heb. ruah), a metaphor for Israel’s addiction to the Baal cult, which is nothing but wind, a “spirit (ruah) of prostitution” (v. 12).

26 Therefore, God handed them over to degrading passions. Their females exchanged natural relations for unnatural, 27 and the males likewise gave up natural relations with females and burned with lust for one another. Males did shameful things with males and thus received in their own persons the due penalty for their perversity.(A) 28 And since they did not see fit to acknowledge God, God handed them over to their undiscerning mind to do what is improper. 29 (B)They are filled with every form of wickedness, evil, greed, and malice; full of envy, murder, rivalry, treachery, and spite. They are gossips 30 and scandalmongers and they hate God. They are insolent, haughty, boastful, ingenious in their wickedness, and rebellious toward their parents. 31 They are senseless, faithless, heartless, ruthless.

Read full chapter

19 [a]Now the works of the flesh are obvious: immorality, impurity, licentiousness,(A) 20 idolatry, sorcery, hatreds, rivalry, jealousy, outbursts of fury, acts of selfishness, dissensions, factions,(B) 21 occasions of envy,[b] drinking bouts, orgies, and the like. I warn you, as I warned you before, that those who do such things will not inherit the kingdom of God.

Read full chapter

Footnotes

  1. 5:19–23 Such lists of vices and virtues (cf. Rom 1:29–31; 1 Cor 6:9–10) were common in the ancient world. Paul contrasts works of the flesh (Gal 5:19) with fruit (not “works”) of the Spirit (Gal 5:22). Not law, but the Spirit, leads to such traits.
  2. 5:21 Occasions of envy: after the Greek word phthonoi, “envies,” some manuscripts add a similar sounding one, phonoi, “murders.”

with the understanding that law is meant not for a righteous person but for the lawless and unruly, the godless and sinful, the unholy and profane, those who kill their fathers or mothers, murderers, 10 the unchaste, sodomites,[a] kidnappers, liars, perjurers, and whatever else is opposed to sound teaching,(A)

Read full chapter

Footnotes

  1. 1:10 Sodomites: see 1 Cor 6:9 and the note there.