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23 Be careful, therefore, lest you forget the covenant which the Lord, your God, has made with you, and fashion for yourselves against his command an idol in any form whatsoever.(A) 24 For the Lord, your God, is a consuming fire, a jealous God.[a](B)

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Footnotes

  1. 4:24 A jealous God: Hebrew ’el qanna. The root of the adjective qanna expresses the idea of intense feeling focused on solicitude for someone or something; see, e.g., Ps 69:10; Sg 8:6; Is 9:6; 37:32; Ez 39:25. The Septuagint translated the adjective as zelotes, and the Vulgate followed suit; hence the traditional English rendering “jealous” (and sometimes “zealous”) found in the Douai-Rheims and King James versions. In modern usage, however, “jealous” denotes unreasonable, petty possessiveness, a meaning, even as nuance, wanting in the Hebrew. In the first commandment (5:6–10; Ex 20:2–6) and passages derived from it (like 4:24; 6:15; Ex 34:14; Jos 24:19; Na 1:2), Israel’s God is represented as totally committed to his purpose, and Israel is put on notice to take him and his directives for their life as a people with equal seriousness.

23 Be careful not to forget the covenant(A) of the Lord your God that he made with you; do not make for yourselves an idol(B) in the form of anything the Lord your God has forbidden. 24 For the Lord your God is a consuming fire,(C) a jealous God.(D)

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31 Since the Lord, your God, is a merciful God, he will not abandon or destroy you, nor forget the covenant with your ancestors that he swore to them.(A)

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31 For the Lord your God is a merciful(A) God; he will not abandon(B) or destroy(C) you or forget(D) the covenant with your ancestors, which he confirmed to them by oath.

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(A)Hear, O Israel![a] The Lord is our God, the Lord alone! Therefore, you shall love the Lord, your God, with your whole heart, and with your whole being, and with your whole strength.(B)

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Footnotes

  1. 6:4 Hear, O Israel!: in Hebrew, shema yisra’el; hence this passage (vv. 4–9), containing the Great Commandment, is called the Shema. In later Jewish tradition, 11:13–21 and Nm 15:37–41 were added to form a prayer recited every evening and morning. The Lord is our God, the Lord alone: other possible translations are “the Lord our God is one Lord”; “the Lord our God, the Lord is one”; “the Lord is our God, the Lord is one.”

Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one.[a](A) Love(B) the Lord your God with all your heart(C) and with all your soul and with all your strength.(D)

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Footnotes

  1. Deuteronomy 6:4 Or The Lord our God is one Lord; or The Lord is our God, the Lord is one; or The Lord is our God, the Lord alone

(A)Know, then, that the Lord, your God, is God: the faithful God who keeps covenant mercy to the thousandth generation toward those who love him and keep his commandments,(B) 10 but who repays with destruction those who hate him; he does not delay with those who hate him, but makes them pay for it.

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Know therefore that the Lord your God is God;(A) he is the faithful God,(B) keeping his covenant of love(C) to a thousand generations(D) of those who love him and keep his commandments.(E) 10 But

those who hate him he will repay to their face by destruction;
    he will not be slow to repay to their face those who hate him.(F)

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(A)Destroy entirely all the places where the nations you are to dispossess serve their gods, on the high mountains, on the hills, and under every green tree.(B) Tear down their altars, smash their sacred pillars, burn up their asherahs, and chop down the idols of their gods, that you may destroy the very name of them from that place.

That is not how you are to act toward the Lord, your God. Instead,(C) you shall seek out the place which the Lord, your God, chooses out of all your tribes and designates as his dwelling to put his name there.[a](D) There you shall go, bringing your burnt offerings and sacrifices, your tithes and personal contributions, your votive and voluntary offerings, and the firstlings of your herds and flocks.(E) There, too, in the presence of the Lord, your God, you and your families shall eat and rejoice in all your undertakings, in which the Lord, your God, has blessed you.(F)

You shall not do as we are doing here today, everyone doing what is right in their own sight,(G) since you have not yet reached your resting place, the heritage which the Lord, your God, is giving you. 10 But after you have crossed the Jordan and dwell in the land which the Lord, your God, is giving you as a heritage, when he has given you rest from all your enemies round about and you live there in security,(H) 11 [b](I)then to the place which the Lord, your God, chooses as the dwelling place for his name you shall bring all that I command you: your burnt offerings and sacrifices, your tithes and personal contributions, and every special offering you have vowed to the Lord. 12 You shall rejoice in the presence of the Lord, your God, with your sons and daughters, your male and female slaves, as well as with the Levite within your gates, who has no hereditary portion with you.

13 (J)Be careful not to sacrifice your burnt offerings in any place you like, 14 but offer them in the place which the Lord chooses in one of your tribal territories; there you shall do what I command you.

Profane and Sacred Slaughter. 15 [c]However, in any of your communities you may slaughter and eat meat freely, according to the blessing that the Lord, your God, has given you; the unclean as well as the clean may eat it, as they do the gazelle or the deer.(K) 16 [d]Only, you shall not eat of the blood, but must pour it out on the ground like water.(L) 17 Moreover, you may not, in your own communities, partake of your tithe of grain or wine or oil, of the firstborn of your herd or flock, of any offering you have vowed, of your voluntary offerings, or of your personal contributions. 18 These you must eat in the presence of the Lord, your God, in the place that the Lord, your God, chooses, along with your son and daughter, your male and female slave, and the Levite within your gates; and there, in the presence of the Lord, you shall rejoice in all your undertakings. 19 Be careful, also, that you do not neglect the Levite as long as you live in your land.(M)

20 (N)After the Lord, your God, has enlarged your territory, as he promised you,(O) and you think, “I will eat meat,” as it is your desire to eat meat, you may eat it freely; 21 and if the place where the Lord, your God, chooses to put his name is too far, you may slaughter in the manner I have commanded you any of your herd or flock that the Lord has given you, and eat it freely in your own community. 22 You may eat it as you would the gazelle or the deer: the unclean and the clean eating it together. 23 (P)But make sure that you do not eat of the blood; for blood is life; you shall not eat that life with the flesh. 24 Do not eat of the blood, therefore, but pour it out on the ground like water. 25 Do not eat of it, that you and your children after you may prosper for doing what is right in the sight of the Lord. 26 However, any sacred gifts or votive offerings that you may have, you shall bring with you to the place which the Lord chooses, 27 and there you must sacrifice your burnt offerings, both the flesh and the blood, on the altar of the Lord, your God; of your other sacrifices the blood indeed must be poured out against the altar of the Lord, your God,(Q) but their flesh you may eat.

28 Be careful to heed all these words I command you today, that you and your descendants after you may forever prosper for doing what is good and right in the sight of the Lord, your God.(R)

Warning Against Abominable Practices. 29 (S)When the Lord, your God, cuts down from before you the nations you are going in to dispossess, and you have dispossessed them and are settled in their land, 30 be careful that you not be trapped into following them after they have been destroyed before you. Do not inquire regarding their gods, “How did these nations serve their gods, so I might do the same.” 31 You shall not worship the Lord, your God, that way, because they offered to their gods every abomination that the Lord detests, even burning their sons and daughters to their gods.(T)

Chapter 13

Penalties for Enticing to Idolatry. Every word that I command you, you shall be careful to observe, neither adding to it nor subtracting from it.

(U)If there arises in your midst a prophet or a dreamer[e] who promises you a sign or wonder, saying, “Let us go after other gods,” whom you have not known, “and let us serve them,” and the sign or wonder foretold to you comes to pass, do not listen to the words of that prophet or that dreamer; for the Lord, your God, is testing you to know whether you really love the Lord, your God, with all your heart and soul.(V) The Lord, your God, shall you follow, and him shall you fear; his commandments shall you observe, and to his voice shall you listen; him you shall serve, and to him you shall hold fast.(W) But that prophet or that dreamer shall be put to death, because, in order to lead you astray from the way which the Lord, your God, has commanded you to take, the prophet or dreamer has spoken apostasy against the Lord, your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt and redeemed you from the house of slavery. Thus shall you purge the evil from your midst.(X)

If your brother, your father’s child or your mother’s child, your son or daughter, your beloved spouse, or your intimate friend entices you secretly, saying, “Come, let us serve other gods,” whom you and your ancestors have not known, any of the gods of the surrounding peoples, near to you or far away, from one end of the earth to the other: do not yield or listen to any such person; show no pity or compassion and do not shield such a one,(Y) 10 (Z)but kill that person. Your hand shall be the first raised to put such a one to death; the hand of all the people shall follow. 11 You shall stone that person to death, for seeking to lead you astray from the Lord, your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery. 12 And all Israel shall hear of it and fear, and never again do such evil as this in your midst.(AA)

13 If you hear it said concerning one of the cities which the Lord, your God, gives you to dwell in, 14 that certain scoundrels have sprung up in your midst and have led astray the inhabitants of their city, saying, “Come, let us serve other gods,” whom you have not known, 15 you must inquire carefully into the matter and investigate it thoroughly. If you find that it is true and an established fact that this abomination has been committed in your midst,(AB) 16 (AC)you shall put the inhabitants of that city to the sword, placing the city and all that is in it, even its livestock, under the ban. 17 Having heaped up all its spoils in the middle of its square, you shall burn the city with all its spoils as a whole burnt offering to the Lord, your God. Let it be a heap of ruins forever, never to be rebuilt. 18 You shall not hold on to anything that is under the ban; then the Lord will turn from his burning anger and show you mercy, and in showing you mercy multiply you as he swore to your ancestors,

Footnotes

  1. 12:5 The place…to put his name there: Moses thus designates Jerusalem (Mt. Zion), in accordance with the Deuteronomic doctrine that the Lord “chooses” Zion, as the place where eventually the Temple will be built, as he chooses the house of David to reign over Israel; see 2 Sm 7; 1 Kgs 8; Ps 132. But the Lord’s presence in Jerusalem consists in putting his “name” there (12:11, 21; 14:23–24; 16:2, 6, 11; 26:2; 1 Kgs 8:44, 49; 9:3; 11:36; 14:21; 2 Kgs 17:34; 21:4, 7; 23:27). The Lord himself “cannot be contained” in an earthly dwelling (1 Kgs 8:27), but because he says of the Jerusalem Temple that “my name will be there” (1 Kgs 8:16, 29; 2 Kgs 23:27), he is present. This theology allows God in a way to dwell with Israel and at the same time preserves divine transcendence. See note on 1 Kgs 8:12–13.
  2. 12:11 Sacrifice is to be confined to the single place that the Lord has chosen; eventually this was Jerusalem.
  3. 12:15 At this point a distinction is being made between cultic sacrifice and slaughter of animals for food. In any of your communities: lit., “within your gates.”
  4. 12:16 The blood was understood to be the source or vehicle of life and so was not to be consumed. Cf. Gn 9:4.
  5. 13:2, 4, 6 Dreamer: a false prophet who pretended to have received revelations from God in a dream; cf. Jer 23:25–32; 27:9; Zec 10:2. But dreams could also be a means of true prophecy (Nm 12:6; Jl 3:1) and of genuine revelations (Gn 20:3, 6; 31:11, 24; 37:5, 9; Mt 1:20; 2:12, 13, 19; etc.).

Destroy completely all the places on the high mountains,(A) on the hills and under every spreading tree,(B) where the nations you are dispossessing worship their gods. Break down their altars, smash(C) their sacred stones and burn(D) their Asherah(E) poles in the fire; cut down the idols of their gods and wipe out their names(F) from those places.

You must not worship the Lord your God in their way.(G) But you are to seek the place the Lord your God will choose from among all your tribes to put his Name(H) there for his dwelling.(I) To that place you must go; there bring your burnt offerings and sacrifices, your tithes(J) and special gifts, what you have vowed(K) to give and your freewill offerings, and the firstborn of your herds and flocks.(L) There, in the presence(M) of the Lord your God, you and your families shall eat and shall rejoice(N) in everything you have put your hand to, because the Lord your God has blessed you.

You are not to do as we do here today, everyone doing as they see fit,(O) since you have not yet reached the resting place(P) and the inheritance(Q) the Lord your God is giving you. 10 But you will cross the Jordan and settle in the land the Lord your God is giving(R) you as an inheritance, and he will give you rest(S) from all your enemies around you so that you will live in safety. 11 Then to the place the Lord your God will choose as a dwelling for his Name(T)—there you are to bring everything I command you: your burnt offerings and sacrifices, your tithes and special gifts, and all the choice possessions you have vowed to the Lord.(U) 12 And there rejoice(V) before the Lord your God—you, your sons and daughters, your male and female servants, and the Levites(W) from your towns who have no allotment or inheritance(X) of their own. 13 Be careful not to sacrifice your burnt offerings anywhere you please.(Y) 14 Offer them only at the place the Lord will choose(Z) in one of your tribes, and there observe everything I command you.

15 Nevertheless, you may slaughter your animals in any of your towns and eat as much of the meat as you want, as if it were gazelle or deer,(AA) according to the blessing the Lord your God gives you. Both the ceremonially unclean and the clean may eat it. 16 But you must not eat the blood;(AB) pour(AC) it out on the ground like water.(AD) 17 You must not eat in your own towns the tithe(AE) of your grain and new wine and olive oil,(AF) or the firstborn of your herds and flocks, or whatever you have vowed to give,(AG) or your freewill offerings or special gifts.(AH) 18 Instead, you are to eat(AI) them in the presence of the Lord your God at the place the Lord your God will choose(AJ)—you, your sons and daughters, your male and female servants, and the Levites from your towns—and you are to rejoice(AK) before the Lord your God in everything you put your hand to. 19 Be careful not to neglect the Levites(AL) as long as you live in your land.(AM)

20 When the Lord your God has enlarged your territory(AN) as he promised(AO) you, and you crave meat(AP) and say, “I would like some meat,” then you may eat as much of it as you want. 21 If the place where the Lord your God chooses to put his Name(AQ) is too far away from you, you may slaughter animals from the herds and flocks the Lord has given you, as I have commanded you, and in your own towns you may eat as much of them as you want.(AR) 22 Eat them as you would gazelle or deer.(AS) Both the ceremonially unclean and the clean may eat. 23 But be sure you do not eat the blood,(AT) because the blood is the life, and you must not eat the life with the meat.(AU) 24 You must not eat the blood; pour it out on the ground like water.(AV) 25 Do not eat it, so that it may go well(AW) with you and your children after you, because you will be doing what is right(AX) in the eyes of the Lord.

26 But take your consecrated things and whatever you have vowed to give,(AY) and go to the place the Lord will choose. 27 Present your burnt offerings(AZ) on the altar of the Lord your God, both the meat and the blood. The blood of your sacrifices must be poured beside the altar of the Lord your God, but you may eat(BA) the meat. 28 Be careful to obey all these regulations I am giving you, so that it may always go well(BB) with you and your children after you, because you will be doing what is good and right in the eyes of the Lord your God.

29 The Lord your God will cut off(BC) before you the nations you are about to invade and dispossess. But when you have driven them out and settled in their land,(BD) 30 and after they have been destroyed before you, be careful not to be ensnared(BE) by inquiring about their gods, saying, “How do these nations serve their gods? We will do the same.”(BF) 31 You must not worship the Lord your God in their way, because in worshiping their gods, they do all kinds of detestable things the Lord hates.(BG) They even burn their sons(BH) and daughters in the fire as sacrifices to their gods.(BI)

32 See that you do all I command you; do not add(BJ) to it or take away from it.[a]

Worshiping Other Gods

13 [b]If a prophet,(BK) or one who foretells by dreams,(BL) appears among you and announces to you a sign or wonder, and if the sign(BM) or wonder spoken of takes place, and the prophet says, “Let us follow other gods”(BN) (gods you have not known) “and let us worship them,” you must not listen to the words of that prophet(BO) or dreamer.(BP) The Lord your God is testing(BQ) you to find out whether you love(BR) him with all your heart and with all your soul. It is the Lord your God you must follow,(BS) and him you must revere.(BT) Keep his commands and obey him; serve him and hold fast(BU) to him. That prophet or dreamer must be put to death(BV) for inciting rebellion against the Lord your God, who brought you out of Egypt and redeemed you from the land of slavery. That prophet or dreamer tried to turn(BW) you from the way the Lord your God commanded you to follow. You must purge the evil(BX) from among you.

If your very own brother, or your son or daughter, or the wife you love, or your closest friend secretly entices(BY) you, saying, “Let us go and worship other gods”(BZ) (gods that neither you nor your ancestors have known, gods of the peoples around you, whether near or far, from one end of the land to the other), do not yield(CA) to them or listen to them. Show them no pity.(CB) Do not spare them or shield them. You must certainly put them to death.(CC) Your hand(CD) must be the first in putting them to death, and then the hands of all the people. 10 Stone them to death, because they tried to turn you away(CE) from the Lord your God, who brought you out of Egypt, out of the land of slavery. 11 Then all Israel will hear and be afraid,(CF) and no one among you will do such an evil thing again.

12 If you hear it said about one of the towns the Lord your God is giving you to live in 13 that troublemakers(CG) have arisen among you and have led the people of their town astray, saying, “Let us go and worship other gods” (gods you have not known), 14 then you must inquire, probe and investigate it thoroughly.(CH) And if it is true and it has been proved that this detestable thing has been done among you,(CI) 15 you must certainly put to the sword all who live in that town. You must destroy it completely,[c](CJ) both its people and its livestock.(CK) 16 You are to gather all the plunder of the town into the middle of the public square and completely burn the town(CL) and all its plunder as a whole burnt offering to the Lord your God.(CM) That town is to remain a ruin(CN) forever, never to be rebuilt, 17 and none of the condemned things[d] are to be found in your hands. Then the Lord will turn from his fierce anger,(CO) will show you mercy,(CP) and will have compassion(CQ) on you. He will increase your numbers,(CR) as he promised(CS) on oath to your ancestors— 18 because you obey the Lord your God by keeping all his commands that I am giving you today and doing what is right(CT) in his eyes.

Footnotes

  1. Deuteronomy 12:32 In Hebrew texts this verse (12:32) is numbered 13:1.
  2. Deuteronomy 13:1 In Hebrew texts 13:1-18 is numbered 13:2-19.
  3. Deuteronomy 13:15 The Hebrew term refers to the irrevocable giving over of things or persons to the Lord, often by totally destroying them.
  4. Deuteronomy 13:17 The Hebrew term refers to the irrevocable giving over of things or persons to the Lord, often by totally destroying them.

by going to serve other gods, by bowing down to them, to the sun or the moon or any of the host of heaven, contrary to my command;(A)

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and contrary to my command(A) has worshiped other gods,(B) bowing down to them or to the sun(C) or the moon or the stars in the sky,(D)

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20 But if a prophet presumes to speak a word in my name(A) that I have not commanded, or speaks in the name of other gods, that prophet shall die.

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20 But a prophet who presumes to speak in my name anything I have not commanded, or a prophet who speaks in the name of other gods,(A) is to be put to death.”(B)

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Individual Responsibility. 16 Parents shall not be put to death for their children, nor shall children be put to death for their parents; only for one’s own crime shall a person be put to death.(A)

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16 Parents are not to be put to death for their children, nor children put to death for their parents; each will die for their own sin.(A)

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15 [a]“Cursed be anyone who makes a carved or molten idol,(A) an abomination to the Lord, the work of a craftsman’s hands, and sets it up in secret!” And all the people shall answer, “Amen!”

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Footnotes

  1. 27:15–26 The ceremony described here reflects the structure of covenant. The people assent to the directives their covenant Lord sets forth; their “Amen” ratifies the proscription of idolatry, injustice, incest, murder, and infidelity in general. Thus the “love” of the Lord which is at the heart of Israel’s existence as his covenant people (6:4–5) is spelled out in terms of particular actions. The “Amen” is an acceptance of the curses or sanctions entailed by breaking faith with the Lord. Cf. 30:15–20, a concise statement of covenant theology.

15 “Cursed is anyone who makes an idol(A)—a thing detestable(B) to the Lord, the work of skilled hands—and sets it up in secret.”

Then all the people shall say, “Amen!”(C)

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You shall not have other gods beside me.[a] You shall not make for yourself an idol(A) or a likeness of anything[b] in the heavens above or on the earth below or in the waters beneath the earth; you shall not bow down before them or serve them.(B) For I, the Lord, your God, am a jealous God, inflicting punishment for their ancestors’ wickedness on the children of those who hate me, down to the third and fourth generation[c]; but showing love down to the thousandth generation of those who love me and keep my commandments.

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Footnotes

  1. 20:3

    Beside me: this commandment is traditionally understood as an outright denial of the existence of other gods except the God of Israel; however, in the context of the more general prohibitions in vv. 4–5, v. 3 is, more precisely, God’s demand for Israel’s exclusive worship and allegiance.

    The Hebrew phrase underlying the translation “beside me” is, nonetheless, problematic and has been variously translated, e.g., “except me,” “in addition to me,” “in preference to me,” “in defiance of me,” and “in front of me” or “before my face.” The latter translation, with its concrete, spatial nuances, has suggested to some that the prohibition once sought to exclude from the Lord’s sanctuary the cult images or idols of other gods, such as the asherah, or stylized sacred tree of life, associated with the Canaanite goddess Asherah (34:13). Over the course of time, as vv. 4–5 suggest, the original scope of v. 3 was expanded.

  2. 20:4 Or a likeness of anything: compare this formulation to that found in Dt 5:8, which understands this phrase and the following phrases as specifications of the prohibited idol (Hebrew pesel), which usually refers to an image that is carved or hewn rather than cast.
  3. 20:5 Jealous: demanding exclusive allegiance. Inflicting punishment…the third and fourth generation: the intended emphasis is on God’s mercy by the contrast between punishment and mercy (“to the thousandth generation”—v. 6). Other Old Testament texts repudiate the idea of punishment devolving on later generations (cf. Dt 24:16; Jer 31:29–30; Ez 18:2–4). Yet it is known that later generations may suffer the punishing effects of sins of earlier generations, but not the guilt.

“You shall have no other gods before[a] me.(A)

“You shall not make for yourself an image(B) in the form of anything in heaven above or on the earth beneath or in the waters below. You shall not bow down to them or worship(C) them; for I, the Lord your God, am a jealous God,(D) punishing the children for the sin of the parents(E) to the third and fourth generation(F) of those who hate me, but showing love to a thousand(G) generations of those who love me and keep my commandments.

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Footnotes

  1. Exodus 20:3 Or besides

So the Lord passed before him and proclaimed: The Lord, the Lord, a God gracious and merciful, slow to anger and abounding in love and fidelity,[a] continuing his love for a thousand generations, and forgiving wickedness, rebellion, and sin; yet not declaring the guilty guiltless, but bringing punishment for their parents’ wickedness on children and children’s children to the third and fourth generation!(A)

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Footnotes

  1. 34:6 Gracious…fidelity: this succinct poetic description of God is an often-repeated statement of belief (see Nm 14:18; Ps 103:8; 145:8; Jl 2:13; Jon 4:2). All the terms describe God’s relationship to the covenant people.

And he passed in front of Moses, proclaiming, “The Lord, the Lord, the compassionate(A) and gracious God, slow to anger,(B) abounding in love(C) and faithfulness,(D) maintaining love to thousands,(E) and forgiving wickedness, rebellion and sin.(F) Yet he does not leave the guilty unpunished;(G) he punishes the children and their children for the sin of the parents to the third and fourth generation.”(H)

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14 You shall not bow down to any other god, for the Lord—“Jealous”[a] his name—is a jealous God.

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Footnotes

  1. 34:14 Jealous: see note on 20:5. Some, by a slight emendation, render, “The Lord is jealous for his name.” Cf. Ez 39:25.

14 Do not worship any other god,(A) for the Lord, whose name(B) is Jealous, is a jealous God.(C)

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Chapter 26

The Reward of Obedience. [a]Do not make idols for yourselves. You shall not erect a carved image or a sacred stone for yourselves, nor shall you set up a carved stone for worship in your land;(A) for I, the Lord, am your God.

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Footnotes

  1. 26:1–46 This chapter concludes the revelation of laws at Mount Sinai (cf. v. 46). Blessings and curses are also found at the end of Deuteronomy’s law collection (Dt 28). Similar lists of blessings and curses appear in the conclusions of ancient Near Eastern treaties.

Reward for Obedience

26 “‘Do not make idols(A) or set up an image(B) or a sacred stone(C) for yourselves, and do not place a carved stone(D) in your land to bow down before it. I am the Lord your God.

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